Social Work Case Study- How I Applied Social Work Skills...

Introduction Being aware of oneself as a social worker is imperative if one plans to be an effective and competent social worker. There will be many incidents and situations social workers may chance upon in their professional work, which may present some difficulty concerning the next step to take in working with a client. Being aware is the first step. Background Information The family subset that will be explored in this paper is a mother and a son dyad that I worked with in my internship last year. The mother, who will be referred to as Ms. Patrick and her son, who will be referred to as Sam were having difficulties at home. Ms. Patrick is a widowed White female in her late-fifties and her son, Sam, is a Bi-racial (African-†¦show more content†¦Patrick. Even so, I still wanted to get to the core of her feelings and thoughts to gather why she thought it was okay to call her son the â€Å"N† word. Part of being a clinician is trying to figure out what the problem is so that solutions can be generated (Nichols Swartz, 2008). With the situation described, I felt it imperative that I received as much supervision as possible. I did not want to be entrapped in the emotions that I have for anyone who would use the â€Å"N† word to put down another human being. I knew this would be a sensitive matter for me and I did not want to be seen as someone who could not handle emotions in a professional setting. As I relayed the situation to my field instructor, she felt really offended that someone would use â€Å"N† word. My field instructor did a quasi intervention with me, to make sure that I was okay. I informed my field instructor, that even though the word holds so much negative power, I would not let it affect me to the point where I could not do what I was required to do at my field placement. My field instructor asked me if I wanted to continue therapy with this dyad. I informed her that I thought I could be an effective therapist with this dyad, despite the circumstances surrounding the situation. My field instructor advised that I keep the big picture in mind when I dealt with the dyad. A couple of aspects that were pointed out to me were that she may have used the wordShow MoreRelatedCase Study in Social Work Practice2105 Words   |  9 Pagesidentify a case I have been involved in and have continuously had to assess whilst on placement. It will refer to a child who will be identified as A. A is a young carer and has only recently returned home after being removed from his mothers care due to her having a substance abuse problem and mental health concerns. I will link the legal framework that was relevant to this case study and describe actions taken. Additionally these actions will demonstrate the application of social work methods andRead MoreThe Lecture On Domestic Violence Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pagessystems in dealing with domestic violence. Included also in the lecture, was the analysis of protection orders and police interference. Protection orders are in practi ce for the urgent safety of the victims of domestic violence. They are applied for through the family court with evidence of domestic violence or potential danger (Morden, 2016). The lecture also demonstrated that the law does not tolerate even single acts of abuse and takes procedures very seriously. The various acts are in placeRead MoreEvidence-Based Treatments for Childhood Depression3114 Words   |  13 PagesMethods Through extensive research on treatments of childhood depression, this paper will discuss my findings on proven effective treatment strategies. Results I have found an overwhelming amount of information on the various approaches in treating childhood depression. In most of my research on this topic, the authors and researchers conclude that further studies must be conducted on the effectiveness of treatments of childhood depression. 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In addition, a critical evaluation of applying behavioral and social science knowledge in the profession of social work will also be explored to appreciate the . Susanna Kaysen is an eighteen year old that has been placed in a mental hospital ‘Claymoore’Read MoreOrientation of Counseling Theory4213 Words   |  17 PagesCounseling Theory and Techniques I Instructor : Dr. Adrian Robert Wang Chi Tong Student name : Tong Lai Ping Rebecca Student number : MAPC080131 DECLARATION I declare that the assignment here submitted is original except for source material explicitly acknowledged, and that the same or related material has not been previously submitted for another course. 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In order to provide the best care to our clients, one must fully indulge themselves into researching what works best and what does not appear to be as successful. Best practices inquiries, according to Petr and Walter (2005), is the process by which an investigator ascertains he current state-of-the-art approaches, models, and interventions for a given problem and targetRead MoreU07A1 Compare and Contrast Two Family Therapy Theories Essay3707 Words   |  15 Pagesmodels similarities and differences. Consider such aspects as the role of the therapist, beliefs about problems and change, the types of interventions used, central concerns of each model, and so on. Evaluate how each model would look when applied to your chosen family subsystem. Consider how each model would describe the family subsystem, and whether its goals and interventions would fit well with the familys needs. Your paper should be around 8–10 pages with a minimum of three peer-reviewed sourcesRead MoreRisk Assessment And Risk Management3124 Words   |  13 Pages Risk Assessment and Risk Management. SS4018 To protect the confidentiality of the service users I worked with who are mentioned in this assignment, all service users’ names and any identifying features have been anonymoused. Confidentiality is key for the Social work profession to ensure sensitive information remains undisclosed (Doel, 2012). The aim of risk assessment is to consider problems or situations where it is likely or unlikely that harm may occur (Adams et al, 2009). Risk is a generic

The Rights Of The American Revolution - 1015 Words

Prior to the American Revolution, the right to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures did not exist. (Levy, 1999). The Bill of Rights was introduced and ratified in 1791, it contains the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. The Bill of Rights define and interpret constitutional rights and protections that are guaranteed under the US Constitution. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution addresses search and seizure statues, it states ... â€Å"Amendment IV The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.† According to Leonard W. Levy, a Pulitzer Prize historian, â€Å"the Fourth Amendment emerged not only from the American Revolution; it was a constitutional embodiment of the extraordinary coupling of Magna Carta to the appealing fiction that a man s home is his castle.† (Levy, 1999). There have been challenges to the Constitution and The Bill of Rights since their inception. The Supreme Court has the legal and final authority for rulings on these constitutional rights and challenges. The Supreme Court is responsible for settling disputes that arise out of differing interpretations. Three significant cases concerning the Fourth Amendment are Weeks v.Show MoreRelatedVoting Rights During The American Revolution2277 Words   |  10 PagesBefore the American Revolution, men and women were held under the British reign of the king. But when they war was over, only white men with land were allowed to vote (Jansson). For years women fought for the right to vote, watching their husbands and sons vote before they were able to vote. African American men and women also faced the challenges of obtaining the right to vote. Their fight for the chance to vote affected so much of our history. Once they obtained the right to vote, shifts occurredRead MoreWomens Rights: Before and After the American Revolution1697 Words   |  7 PagesWomen’s Rights: Before and After the American Revolution The American Revolution played a significant role in lives of nearly every person in America. Most men left their wives, mothers, sisters and daughters in charge of farms and businesses when they left to fight in the Patriot armies. There were many men, who had no farms or businesses, left their women with absolutely nothing to fall back on. This led to a significant increase in the population of impoverished women in several citiesRead MoreWomen s Rights During The American Revolution1961 Words   |  8 Pages During the American Revolution, most women stayed home and sewed and cooked for their family and stayed subservient to their husbands. Some women went a step further and went to the front and nursed the wounded. At that time, women were not allowed to do a lot. A lot of women fought for their rights. Abigail Adams, the wife of John Adams and mother of John Quincy Adams, helped plant the seeds that would start women and men thinking about women s rights and roles in a country that had been foundedRead MoreThe American Revolution s Fights Over Taxes And Social Rights1372 Words   |  6 PagesUndignified American Revolution’s fights over taxes and social rights. (Is it okey if I will start my paragraph with my thesis? My classmates suggested me to put a background information before; however, I have it after my thesis. ) The American Revolution was not a war, rather a fight over unfair taxes and denied social rights. During the Revolution that happened in 1763 until 1783, patriot colonists fought over loyalist British taxes, that later brought into freedom and unfair social rights. CountlessRead MorePolitical Change : The American And French Revolutions And The Civil Rights Movement968 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical change is when there is a change in leadership or a change in policy of a government due to a significant disruption such as a social movement or revolution. If the citizens of a country feel that they are being treated unjustly by their rulers, and the rulers think that their ways of governing are satisfactory then a discord is struck and conflict arises between them (Study blue). The main causes of this discord are mostly soc ial issues such as hunger, racism, climate change etc. and/orRead MoreTriumph Of The Right : George Wallace, Richard Nixon, And The American Revolution1459 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States. Controversy surrounded these changes whether they were good or bad for the nation and leaving many Americans questioning the power of urban and political movements. In the excerpt â€Å"Triumph of the Left: Sixties Revolution and The Revolution in Manners† Kenneth Cmiel from the University of Iowa shows how the era of the sixties altered and affected the morals of many Americans when they encountered discrimination, hatred, and inequality. Along with that, Dan T. Carter carefully analyzesRead MoreThe American Revolution : The Revolution1367 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution Revolutionizes the World It was the first revolution to majorly succeed and change how people saw their countries, it was the American Revolution. The American Revolution was the first successful revolution against a European empire that provided a model for many other colonial peoples who realized that they too could break away and become self-governing nations (New world Encyclopedia, 1).The American Revolution was vital to history because ideas seen by other countries startedRead MoreHistory : The American Revolution Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesmoral quality, which was strongly held in the people’s hearts in America, and it consequently spread to other countries in the world. It is believed that American Revolution was the most important chapter in human history just because it was their action that made the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice to materialize. The American Revolution had a very big significance worldwide as it changed the world not by removing and altering of power in any o f the states but by the appearance of the newRead MoreHistory : The American Revolution1442 Words   |  6 Pagesmoral quality, which was strongly held in the people’s hearts in America, and it consequently spread to other countries in the world. It is believed that American Revolution was the most important chapter in human history just because it was their action that made the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice to materialize. The American Revolution had a very big significance worldwide as it changed the world not by removing and altering of power in any of the states but by the appearance of the newRead MoreThe American And French Revolutions1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe American French Revolutions The American Revolution and French Revolution were unique in world history because they used the ideas of freedom and equality from the Enlightenment, but understood them differently at the same time. Both revolutions occurred around the same time- the 18th Century, the American Revolution began on the 4th of July when Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence (Dr. Taylor). The French Revolution then follows in 1789, provoked by â€Å"...a greater demand

Freedom Of Press Free Essays

string(173) " what we mean by freedom of the press today was shaped in an extraordinary era of Supreme Court decision-making that began with Sullivan and concluded in 1991 witn Conen v\." Freedom of Press Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the freedom of communication and expression through mediums including various electronic media and published materials. While such freedom mostly implies the absence of interference from an overreaching state, its preservation may be sought through constitutional or other legal protections. With respect to governmental information, any government may distinguish which materials are public or protected from disclosure to the public based on classification of information as sensitive, classified or secret and being therwise protected from disclosure due to relevance of the information to protecting the national interest. We will write a custom essay sample on Freedom Of Press or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many governments are also subject to sunshine laws or freedom of information legislation which are both used to define the extent of national interest. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares: â€Å"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers† This philosophy is usually accompanied by legislation ensuring various degrees of freedom of scientific research (known s scientific freedom), publishing, press and printing the depth to which these laws are entrenched in a country’s legal system can go as far down as its constitution. The concept of freedom of speech is often covered by the same laws as freedom of the press, thereby giving equal treatment to spoken and published expression. Beyond legal definitions, several non-governmental organizations use other criteria to Judge the level of press freedom around the world. Some of those organizations include the following: Reporters Without Borders The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) Freedom House Many of the traditional means of delivering information are being slowly superseded by the increasing pace of modern technological advance. Almost every conventional mode of media and information dissemination has a modern counterpart that offers significant potential advantages to Journalists seeking to maintain and enhance their freedom of speech. A few simple examples of such Satellite television Web-based publishing (e. g. , blogging) Voice over Internet protocol (VOIP) Every year, Reporters Without Borders establishes a ranking of countries in terms of their freedom of the press. The Freedom of the Press index, an annual survey of edia independence in 197 countries and territories, is based on responses to surveys sent to Journalists that are members of partner organizations of the RWB, as well as related specialists such as researchers, Jurists and human rights activists. The survey asks questions about direct attacks on Journalists and the media as well as other indirect sources of pressure against the free press, such as non-governmental groups. The annual index contains the most comprehensive data set available on global media treedom and is a key resource tor scholars, policymakers, international institutions, media, and activists. The index assesses the degree of print, broadcast, and internet freedom in every country in the world, analyzing the events of each calendar year. It provides numerical rankings and rates each country’s media as â€Å"Free,† â€Å"Partly Free,† or â€Å"Not Free. Country narratives examine the legal environment for the media, political pressures that influence reporting, and economic factors that affect access to information As of 2013, the United States is ranked 32nd in the Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index. There was a fall from 20th in 2010 to 42nd in 2012, which was attributed to arrests of Journalists covering the Occupy movement. In 2011-2012, the countries where press was the most free were Finland, Norway and Germany, followed by Estonia, Netherlands, A ustria, Iceland, and Luxembourg. The country with the least degree of press freedom was Eritrea, followed by North Korea, Turkmenistan, Syria, Iran, and China. Freedom of the press in the United States is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The First Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, says that â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦. abridging (limiting) the freedom of speech, or of the press † Freedom of speech is the liberty to speak openly without fear of government restraint. It is closely linked to freedom of the press because this freedom includes both the right to speak and the right to be heard. In the United States, both the freedom of speech and freedom of press are commonly called freedom of expression. This clause is generally understood as prohibiting the government from interfering with the printing and distribution of information or opinions, although freedom of the press, like freedom of speech, is subject to some restrictions, such as defamation law and copyright law. The Constitution’s framers provided the press with broad freedom. This freedom was considered necessary to the establishment of a strong, independent press sometimes called â€Å"the fourth branch† of the government. An independent press can provide citizens with a variety of information and opinions on matters of public importance. However, freedom of press sometimes collides with other rights, such as a defendant’s right to a fair trial or a citizen’s right to privacy. In recent years, there has been increasing concern about extremely aggressive journalism, including stories about people’s sexual lives and photographs of people when they were in a private setting. The framers’ conception of freedom of the press has been the subject of intense historical debate, both among scholars and in the pages of Judicial opinions. At the very least, those who drafted and ratified the Bill of Rights purported to embrace the notion, derived from William Blackstone, that a free press may not be licensed by the sovereign, or otherwise restrained in advance of publication. And, although the subject remains a lively topic of academic debate, the Supreme Court itself reviewed the historical record in 1964 in New York Times Co. . Sullivan and concluded that the central meaning of the First Amendment embraces s well a rejection of the law of seditious libel i. e. , the power of the sovereign to impose subsequent punishments, from imprisonment to criminal fines to civil damages, on those who criticize the state and its officials. To a great extent, however, what we mean by freedom of the press today was shaped in an extraordinary era of Supreme Court decisio n-making that began with Sullivan and concluded in 1991 witn Conen v. You read "Freedom Of Press" in category "Papers" Cowles Media Co. During that remarkable period, the Court ruled least 40 cases involving the press and fleshed out the skeleton of freedoms addressed only rarely in prior cases. In contrast, although the Court in the early part of the last century had considered the First Amendment claims of political dissidents with some frequency, it took nearly 150 years after the adoption of the Bill of Rights, and the First Amendment along with it, for the Court to issue its first decision based squarely on the freedom of the press. Over the course of the quarter-century following Sullivan, the Court made it its business to explore the ramifications of the case on a virtually annual basis. During that period, the Supreme Courts elaboration of what we mean by a free press focused on the nature of the official restraint lleged to compromise that freedom as well as the extent to which the First Amendment protects the press from a given species of governmental action or inaction. Thus, in cases such as Near and the Pentagon Papers case (1971 ‘s New York Times Co. . United States), the Court established that freedom of the press from previous restraints on publication is nearly absolute, encompassing the right to publish information that a president concluded would harm the national security, if not the movements of troopships at sea in time of war. In 1974’s Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo, the Court embraced the analogous proposition that the overnment has virtually no power to compel the press to publish that which it would prefer to leave on the proverbial cutting room floor. In that regard, however, it must be noted that not all media are created equal when it comes to entitlement to the full protections of the First Amendments press clause. Most significantly, because of a perceived scarcity of the electromagnetic spectrum, the Court has held that Congress and the Federal Communications Commission may regulate the activities of broadcasters operating over public airwaves in a manner that would surely violate the First Amendment if applied to newspapers. Compare Red Lion Broadcasting v. FCC (1969) with Tornillo. ) The Courts reasoning in Red Lion, in which it upheld the Commissions Fairness Doctrine and personal attack rule i. e. , the right of a person criticized on a broadcast station to respond to such criticism over the same airwaves licensed to that station has never been disavowed, although the Justices have expressly declined to extend it to other, later-developed communications media, including cable television (1994’s Turner Broadcasting v. FCC) and the Internet (1997’s Reno v. ACLU), to which the scarcity rationale for regulation is plainly napplicable. Sullivan and cases that followed also hold that the First Amendment protects the publication of false information about matters of public concern in a variety of contexts, although with considerably less vigor than it does dissemination of the truth. Even so, public officials and public fgures may not recover civil damages for injury to their reputations unless they were the victims of a reckless disregard for truth in the dissemination of a calculated falsehood. Indeed, private persons may not collect civil damages for reputational harm caused by falsehoods relating to a matter f public concern unless the publishers conduct violates a fault-based standard of care. And although expressions of opinion are not always immune from legal sanction, in its 1990 decision in Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. the Court held that statements not capable of being proven false, or which reasonable people would not construe as statements of fact at all, but rather as mere rhetorical hyperbole, are absolutely protected by the First Amendment. Indeed e ou nas rejected arguments advanced by the institutional press that, because of its structural role in nsuring the free flow of information in a democratic society, it ought to enjoy unique protection s from otherwise generally applicable laws that inhibit its ability to gather and report the news. Thus, in 1991 in Cohen v. Cowles Media Co. , the Court effectively concluded the treatise on the freedom of the press it began in Sullivan; it did so when it emphasized that the press is properly subject to liability under the generally applicable law of contracts when it breaks a promise to keep a sources identity confidential, even when it does so in order to report truthful information about the ources involvement in a matter of public concern. In the decade following Cohen, the Court again fell largely silent when it came to the First Amendments application to the institutional press. As the 21st century dawned, however, the Court interrupted that silence, at least briefly, to revisit the extent to which a generally applicable law such as the federal wiretap statute can constitutionally impose criminal penalties and civil liability on the dissemination by the press of the contents of unlawfully recorded telephone conversations, at least when the information so disseminated is the truth about a matter of public concern. While it is undeniable fact that freedom of press is essential ingredient of democracy, it does not mean it will advance the goals of democracy. A free press plays a key role in sustaining and monitoring a healthy democracy, as well as in contributing to greater accountability, good government, and economic development. Most importantly, restrictions on media are often an early indicator that governments intend to assault other democratic institutions. According to the Freedom of the Press index, only 14. 5 percent of the world’s citizens live in countries that enjoy a free press. In the rest of the world, governments as well as non-state actors control the viewpoints that reach citizens and brutally repress independent voices who aim to promote accountability, good governance, and economic development. How to cite Freedom Of Press, Papers

Loyalty To Family In The Short Story barn Burning Essay Example For Students

Loyalty To Family In The Short Story barn Burning Essay Loyalty To Family In The Short Story barn Burning The short story Barn Burning by William Faulkner is a stark look at the struggle of a boy to try to do what is right, or do what is best for his family during the post Civil War era. The main character, Sartoris Snopes is a poor son of a migrant tenant farmer who, in the opening scene is being questioned about the burning of a farmers barn by his father, Abner Snopes. The boy is torn between choosing what is right, telling the truth, or lying to protect his father. The boy is not forced to tell to judge about his father burning the barn, but is certain he would have told if asked. The father is a soldier from the Civil War and has knack for burning down the barns of those who cross his path. Faulkner uses the symbol of blood to illustrate the theme of loyalty to the family. Faulkner illustrates the theme of blood when he is to testify, and is pressured by his father to lie. In the makeshift courtroom, when the boy is put on the stand he is pressured because he knows that his father will do something rash if his son tells the truth. He also is told that some things are more important than the truth, that family is the most important thing. When Abner states, You would have told them. This shows how the boy feels toward his blood father, and how even though it would have been a lie he should have testified in his fathers favor. This scene also reveals how the father feels about family. The father believes that family should always bail out family. When the boy is thinking about the old grief of blood he means that his father has done this before and that he has lied for his father before. This theme is carried further when the boy thinks, our enemy, Ourn! Mine and hisn both! Hes my father. The boy thinking this would show that not only has he done this before but the boy is used to dealing with it. Faulkner illustrates the theme of blood when the father explains that the family must stick together. In the scenes following the courthouse, as the boy and his father talk about the incident, Abner states, You got to learn to stick to your own blood or you aint going to have any blood to stick to you.. The father says this almost as if he were trying to convince the boy rather than explain it to him. Even though he resents his father for all of the things that he does to people, he still sticks up for him. In the scene when Abner is confronted about the rug he has just soiled, his son tries to redeem him by saying, You done the best you could!, If he wanted hit done different why didnt he wait and tell you how?. This shows that the boy has some respect for his blood, and that even though he is against his fathers decisions, he still supports them because he is family. Faulkner illustrates the theme of blood when the boy infers that his blood again will be the cause of his problems. The boy is again is tried by his fathers actions, and he hopes that his father will quit his ways. The boys hope is shown when he states, Maybe it will all add up and balance and vanish-corn, rug, fire; the terror and grief, the being pulled two ways like between two teams of horses-gone, done with forever and ever.. As the father is again being questioned by a magistrate he is now backed up by his son as he states, He aint done it! He aint burnt(the rug). He does this out of protection for himself and for protection for his father. August Wilson's Fences EssayCategory: English

Anabolic Steroids Medicine Essay Sample

Anabolic Steroids Medicine Essay Sample Anabolic Steroids Medicine Essay Example Anabolic Steroids Medicine Essay Example Nowadays, the question of potential legalization of anabolic steroids is discussed in various scientific circles. Current paper deals with all main aspects of this issue evaluating the arguments for and against legalization. Legal issues, such as the access to free competition and equal rights of all sportsmen, are examined. In general, the critical analysis of various positions demonstrates that anabolic steroids as well as other performance enhancers should not be allowed because all sportsmen have to be in equal initial conditions, and all forms of illegal advantages should be strictly prohibited. Should Performance Enhancers (Anabolic Steroids) Be Allowed in Sports? The utilitarian arguments regarding potential advantages of steroids legalization are examined and their logical flaws are specified. Some broad sociological and economic aspects are present for the complex understanding of the situation, and the paper explains their relation to legal issues. In general, the paper contributes to understanding of sports law as it shows that no conflict between utilitarian arguments and basic individual rights and liberties exists. First of all, it is necessary to briefly outline the current status of performance-enhancing drugs in sports. Nowadays, the use of steroids or other drugs is officially considered immoral. Therefore, it is strictly prohibited by all major sports organizations, including the International Olympic Committee. The supporters of legalization claim that the use of drugs does not affect competition more than modern equipment that also creates advantages for some sportsmen (Atkinson, 2011). However, such comparison is invalid for several reasons: Firstly, the supposed violation of law and rights of others in one area does not make such violations in other spheres moral. Secondly, the use of modern equipment really creates additional advantages for some sportsmen, but it is an example of fair competition because it is allowed by sports regulations and it does not violate the rights of others. At the same time, the use of drugs violates the rights of other sportsmen who follow regulations and thus creates unfair advantages. The relevant aspect in this context is not whether some actions or procedures create potential advantages or not but rather their influence on the rights of other parties involved. The opposite position about prohibiting everything that creates any sort of additional advantages will lead to a contradiction as the whole training process and the essence of sports per se aims at demonstrating higher results than other participants (i.e. demonstrating one’s advantages). Thus, the factors that increase sportsmen’s results should not be prohibited on the basis of such positive impact. However, from this statement does not follow that all types of stimulators are performance enhancers. One of main sports goals is demonstrating the highest achievements of human body and spirit. For example, viewers are interested not in high speed per se but in understanding what speed is attainable for individuals that follow the generally accepted rules. Consequently, the abolition of any restrictions will lead to the absence of sports ideas and its substitution by machines’ competition. Thus, the decision about the potential regulations and prohibitions should be based on the structure of all participants’ rights. As the International Olympic Committee and other similar organizations always explicitly state which drugs are prohibited, it demonstrates the rules for all sportsmen and established the boundaries of fair competition. Another argument of supporters of legalization refers to the empirical fact that performance enhancers have been using throughout history even in Ancient Times. Thus, they claim that as enhancers cannot be completely avoided, they should be legalized. However, this statement contains a logical error, as well. The fact of regulations’ violation does not make such violations desirable. For example, stealing is also observed throughout history, however, it does not make it legal or socially desirable. Although there is a fraction of people willing to obtain unfair advantages, such practices should not be legalized. On the contrary, they may help to differentiate within the whole set of participants and exclude those sportsmen who violate the rights of others. Another possible argument in favor of legalization refers to the fact that doping control is very expensive and these funds may be used more effectively (Atkinson, 2011). However, it seems to be unsupported, as well. It is correct that control efforts (that include not only doping control during competition) lead to additional expenses. Moreover, such funds could be directed to other fields if the problem of unfair competition did not exist. However, it exists and requires additional controlling efforts. Using an analogy, it may be stated that the absence of criminal activities could allow reducing expenses associated with police activities. At the same time, the existence of such expenses under the current conditions does not seem unreasonable. Anti-doping authorities often explain that all sportsmen should have equal opportunities. However, this statement should be correctly interpreted. The main idea is not removing all sources of inequality (as it is impossible even theoretically, as well as it negates the essence of sports competition) but respecting the rights of all participants. In this way, the boundaries of fair competition are identical for all people. It corresponds to the meaning of fair competition. An additional ethical aspect should be clarified. Nowadays, professional sports demonstrate the highest results of the human body without any artificial performance enhancers. Thus, people willing to improve or at least maintain their health may participate in professional sports. However, it will be impossible if anabolic steroids are legalized. As they artificially increase one’s sports results, it will be evident a priori that professional sportsmen will have significant health problems in the future. Therefore, a large number of potential sportsmen will refuse to select this occupation. Moreover, viewers prefer understanding professional sport as a tool of promoting a healthy lifestyle, and the negation of health in the initial instructions will not guarantee the necessary interest within the population. If performance enhancers are allowed, it will almost exclude the majority of developing countries from competition. At the present moment, the countries with high standard of living have some advantages; however, other countries also demonstrate significant results in some sports spheres. If legalization is adapted, the financial factor will become the main one and the global interest to sports will decline as only several the most financially successful countries will compete in all kinds of sports. The International Olympic Committee declares that sport should be promoted all over the world and the realization of this principle may become problematic in case of legalization (Werner Hatton, 2011). Thus, it is evident that there is no contradiction between utilitarian arguments that try to satisfy the interests of all parties involved and the legal perspective. If rights of all sportsmen are protected, the general social satisfaction is maximized, as well. Therefore, it is reasonable to concentrate on expanding the principles of fair competition to all spheres, as well as providing the strict control over the fulfillment of these regulations. It is possible to use random statistical selection for doping control in some minor sports events while during the Olympic Games and various world championships all participants should pass the test procedures. Current system of double-testing seems to be reasonable as it reduces the probability of error to almost zero. As all sportsmen understand that any violations may be immediately detected, they will modify their behavior accordingly and the temptation to use drugs will decrease. Although sports committees cannot determine the specific actions of all sportsmen, they may affect their incentive structures that indirectly influence their actual behavior (Donahue et al., 2007). It seems that the number of regulations should be minimal, but they should be adequately enforced. In particular, sports committees should outline the list of prohibited drugs and make this information available for all interested people. Then, the effective control systems should be introduced and the main attention should be paid to such sports events as the Olympic Games. Sports authorities should not make any value or moral judgments but be entirely concentrated on the legal perspective. All moral conclusions may be formulated by the public and it will lead to higher sports popularity worldwide. Our SamplesThe best way to know how to write good essays is by getting a sample of an essay from competent experts online. We can give you the essay examples you need for future learning. Free Essay Examples are here. The advocates of legalization also claim that under the present conditions all famous sportsmen experience some forms of uncertainty and suspicion from the public. It occurs due to the fact that both viewers and officials want to receive the results of doping tests that will confirm the absence of any prohibited drugs in the blood or body of a given sportsman (Atkinson, 2011). Thus, the advocates of this position suggest that if anabolic steroids are legalized, no additional confirmation is needed, and the winners may receive their fame immediately. However, it is necessary to examine this position in detail: Firstly, the goal of sports committees is not maximizing the psychological satisfaction of the winners at any price but ensuring the proper following of all generally approved requirements. Secondly, it is unclear whether this satisfaction would actually increase as most people prefer winning in fair competition. Thirdly, sports fans usually see sport events as an example of equal opportunities (at least, in the legal sense). Thus, the legalization of steroids may negatively affect their interest and ultimate demand for such events (Ozdemir et al., 2005). As a result, sports competitions may become less prestigious and may generate fewer amounts of money and other privileges (sponsor contracts, advertizing proposals, the overall reputation in society, etc.) for the winners. Taking into account all these considerations, it may be expected that all participants (and especially the future champions) are interested in fair competition and equal standards for all sportsmen. It seems that regulations and sports instructions should not create additional risks and threats for sportsmen. The nature of modern professional sport is such that substantial health risks are present in any case. However, their amount should not be artificially increased. It is evident that legalization of anabolic steroids will make the traditional (without using any drugs) winning of any serious championships absolutely impossible. Nowadays, many sportsmen are examples and role models for young people, but it seems that the situation may change if the public is aware that all champions use steroids. Therefore, the potential legalization may have negative consequences for the US society in general. Theoretically, there is another alternative to the issue under consideration. For example, two leagues may exist. The first one will operate on the traditional basis and anabolic steroids and other performance enhancers will be prohibited. In the second league, the use of drugs will be legal and sportsmen from different leagues will compete only within their leagues. Such proposal is legally coherent as no one is forced to use drugs and is free to choose the optimal alternative from his/her point of view. The viewers’ rights are protected as well because they may choose any league they like and the use of steroids in one of them is known from the very beginning. Although this option is possible from the legal perspective, it is not highly plausible that these two leagues will emerge in the near future. Such separation will not allow economizing substantial financial resources as strict doping control in one of the leagues will be still needed. Moreover, some expenses will even increase as it will be necessary to organize much more events and forums for both leagues. However, the consumer demand for these events is limited and the profitability rates may decrease. As sports fans prefer determining the only champion in each kind of sport (that will be impossible in the new format), it is not likely that this idea will be supported by the public. Various health-oriented organizations may explicitly argue against any sports projects that allow using doping. It may negatively affect the reputation of sports organizations and lead to numerous social conflicts in sport. Thus, under the current state of the consumer demand and public preferences, it is unlikely that the idea of two separate leagues may be realized in the actual practice. The advocates of legalization also suggest that it may help to solve problems of the Hall of Fame voting. Even the smallest doping suspicion of an athlete may not allow him/her being selected. Therefore, some experts propose to legalize drugs to make this process more clear and timely. However, the problem of determining the best representatives of some profession exists not only in sports and it is important to verify all relevant aspects in order to guarantee the correspondence of a given candidate to the existing rules. For example, the works of all scientists are verified in relation to their originality; if any plagiarism issues are found, it leads to serious negative consequences for a given scientist. In fact, he/she cannot expect to receive any significant reward in the future due to his/her reputation as a result of such issues. The similar principles may be observed in sports. Federations and public in general wish to have evidences that a given athlete follows all recommendations and does not violate the rights of other participants. Although such test procedures require time and financial expenses, they are the necessary attribute of any fair competition (Eber, 2009). It seems that the function of the Hall of Fame is to praise the most talented and successful sportsmen rather than facilitating the process of inclusion of potential candidates. The effectiveness of doping control depends on the actual implementation of the main regulations. There are two main options that exist in this context. The first one is large government involvement. The second one is independent regulations of corresponding sports leagues. The supporters of the first initiative suggest that the government may be more efficient in enforcing all relevant rules and even develop new legal obligations for the citizens. However, it seems that the second option may generate much better results for several reasons: Firstly, the government operates on the basis of tax-collected funds. It means that the redistribution of wealth takes place and involuntary actions are observed. The legal and sociological theories show that social systems work more productively if they are organized on a completely voluntary basis. Secondly, independent leagues are better aware of all internal problems and are more responsive to the external challenges. The government may use a large number of experts, but their overall coordination will not be based on the profit-and-loss system and higher bureaucratization may emerge (Showalter, 2007). Thirdly, independent leagues are interested in timely decisions of the existing problems and try to find the most rational decisions from the social and economic point of view. At the same time, government agencies do not have strong incentive structures for searching timely solutions and their decisions are mostly based on the political desirability rather than economic calculation. Thus, it seems that government involvement in this process should be minimized as it negatively affects the realization of basic sports principles. Unfortunately, it is problematic to completely separate sport from politics as during the Olympic Games and other forums sportsmen represent not only them and their team but the country in general. Therefore, some political pressure from national governments is often present. However, it is reasonable to limit government presence in all sports spheres as it negatively affects the implementation of principles of fair competition (Showalter, 2007). Moreover, the prohibition of anabolic drugs may be effectively enforced without the government participation in this process. As these regulations may be introduced by independent leagues, penalties may be different in various kinds of sports. At the same time, it does not constitute serious problems because each kind of sports has its specifics that should be reflected in corresponding rules. The most important thing is the recognition of the illegal nature of anabolic steroids and the understanding of introducing corresponding penalties for those sportsmen who try to receive unfair competitive advantages. It seems that not all sports federations pay the necessary attention to the problem of doping. In particular, soccer and some other team sports federations do not suggest it to be this issue their main responsibility. Although the net effect of doping in team sports seems to be less than in individual ones, the respect to other sportsmen’s rights should be maintained in all sports spheres. Thus, soccer and other sports federations should ensure the fulfillment of all fair competition requirements. It will increase the sports’ popularity among people worldwide and may generate additional revenues for federations. The close analysis of various arguments regarding the potential legalization of anabolic steroids has shown that they are unsupported and have substantial logical errors. All athletes should have equal rights and follow the generally accepted rules that are developed by the corresponding federations. The analogy of anabolic steroids with the modern equipment is incorrect because equipment’s advantages are not based on the violation of other people’s rights. Although doping control is expensive, it is the necessary element of expenses because all sports fans are interested in fair competition. Their demand for sports events is based on the assumption that all participants have equal opportunities. If this assumption is not followed, many viewers will shift their demand to other spheres. The potential legalization of performance enhancers will create serious problems for developing countries and will reduce the overall level of competition. The analysis demonstrates that there is no contradiction between the basic legal rights and utilitarian arguments. Sportsmen may be accepted to the Hall of Fame only when their doping tests are thoroughly evaluated and it is correct as only those athletes who follow all regulations may receive the chance of being selected. It is determined that the control over the fulfillment of anti-doping requirements should be delegated to independent leagues rather than national governments. Sports leagues are better aware of the local situation and are highly motivated in finding the most timely and efficient solution. Some differences among various sports federations may exist, but all of them should share the basic principles of doping control and penalties. It is especially relevant for soccer and other team sports federations. In any case, the use of anabolic steroids and other performance enhancers should not be allowed in sport.

Essay on Media Studies

Essay on Media Studies Essay on Media Studies Part A & B: Key Codes and conventions of Reality Television: Real people, not actors. This provides the opportunity for viewers to observe how other people live and behave. Ex: The models of ANTM are there because they want to become a better model and win a competition, the competition is using real people, not actresses. Before this show was introduced, models lived in an unseen world. ANTM provides a peek into the world of fashion from a certain perspective. ‘Real’ life situations. Even though though the storylines are ultimately controlled by directors. the situations are supposed to be based off of the characters genuine situations. Ex: Models often times enter the competition for dramatic and personal reasons, such as trying to support a disabled child, or because they want to make their parents proud. Largely Unscripted. This allows for the unpredictable to happen. It also provides real reactions. Ex: Models are often genuinely shocked and excited when the competitions are announced, many aspects of the show are kept secret in order to provoke a genuine reaction from the models. A story, journey, or a contest. Often times, reality television have some form of narratives to help organise the story. Ex: Models are competing to become the top model, one or two models are eliminated each week. There are usually subtitles to tell viewers where the models are and the location everything is taking place. A voiced over narrator, a host or a presenter. This provides a character for the viewers to rely on for key information. Ex: Tyra Banks is the host and head judge of ANTM, she is present in every episode. Participants had to volunteer, or be chosen to participate in the show. Ex: In ANTM models must put in applications and modelling portfolios in order to be chosen to participate. Models then go through a second process in order to choose a lesser amount (There are usually hundreds of appliques). An element of competition. The participants are usually interacting with each other or their environment for a large prize or reward. Prize could pertain to participants financial, career, popularity or love life. Ex: There is always a grand prize for the winner of ANTM, usually including a modelling contract and a large sum of money. There are also smaller prizes along the way for winners of weekly competitions. Weekly competition prizes include things such as but not only pertaining to: spa trips, fancy meals, designer clothing and comfortable beds. Potential of conflict. Participants will often have on screen confrontations and take sides. This is due to personality clashes or disagreements among themselves. Ex: In almost every episode of ANTM, models are in a confrontation and are arguing with each other. There are often large personality clashes because the models are stressed and living in a small housing environment. Entertainment. Viewers should be able to view and enjoy the participants rise to fame, and or their discomforts and successes. Viewers of ANTM almost always have a favourite model who they would like to win. Audience Interactivity. There are often opportunities for the viewers to influence the outcome of the show by voting. Even more common is the creation of fan sites, facebook pages, youtube reviews and forums. Ex: In recent seasons, ANTM have integrated a social media score that allows viewers to vote and give opinions on the models performances. Use Of Music: In ANTM, the chosen music pieces seamlessly reflect the actions occurring in the scene. For example, when the models are waiting in suspense for results, the music will portray the mood and be some sort of suspenseful track. It is found that the music used in the show are not well known songs but simple backing music that reflects the mood of the segment. There are cheap soundtracks that can be found on the internet that include tracks for basic reality television themes. These themes include: Suspense, competition,

Private Prisons in Texas Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Private Prisons in Texas - Research Paper Example The aim of the creation of private prisons has been for the purpose of making a profit by private entities through the taking over the tasks of convict rehabilitation that were conducted by the government. While this has been the case, the fact remains that there has been a lot of concern about the shifting of legal punishment from the public to the private sector, the logic being that governments, being accountable to the public, are more concerned about the welfare of those imprisoned than private institutions, which have no real interests in the inmates except for the economic benefits that they receive. Therefore, the concerns raised are based on the fact that private prisons may be lax in their establishment of a corrections system that is effective as compared to government held prisons, which have such guarantees. Private prisons in the state of Texas have been criticized to be business institutions whose main aim is to ensure that they maximize their profits, since their driv ing incentive is to make as much money as possible. Plenty of skepticism in such prisons have been raised because of the fact that prisons have now become profit yielding institutions through the imprisoning of individuals caught committing crimes and sentenced. Despite the concerns that have been raised above about the establishment of private prisons, the government of Texas has continued to be adamant that private corporations can run prisons as well as the government itself and that there is no need to worry about these institutions’ doing a bad job. The state of Texas has attempted to delegate the functions of punishment to private companies with the intention of relieving itself of the burden, but also ensuring that these companies remain accountable to the public. While this has been the case, there has developed the need to ensure that these private entities are indeed performing the functions that have been delegated to them with as much diligence as would have the g overnment.1 This has created a situation where studies have to be conducted so that it can be established how the contractual relationship between private prisons and the government, relating to how the formation, maintenance and other aspects of the prisons are worked out between them. When dealing with the formation, the expectations of the private institution as well as those of the government concerning what the prison’s management will require are considered so that it is known how the prison will be developed as well as how it will be staffed. The maintenance of the prison has been outlined as the affairs which will be involved in the daily running of the prison as well as the establishment of the definitions of how the prisoners will relate to each other as well as how they will relate with the members of the prison staff.2 When one considers liability in private prisons, it basically deals with the failure of the parties involved, either the government or the private entity, to fulfill their obligations as stated in the contract between them and the consequences that are likely to follow. Through the insistence of these obligations, it becomes an obligation for both the government and the private entities running the prison to ensure that there is accountability to the public in the process. Thus, accountability can be enforced, whereby there is the protection of the various social groups within the

Postmodernist Approach to Burial practice Research Paper - 2

Postmodernist Approach to Burial practice - Research Paper Example Notions of the people particular to God, heaven, hell, witches, spirits and souls are also leaded by the same. Conception of the related believes of the individual and society has the consequences on the rituals performed. It is around 10,000 years back that the death ritual is performed among the few earliest rituals of society. Variable practices are followed by the people of diversifying beliefs and one of the main reasons acting behind the burial practice of the people seems to be the one practiced by the ancients of particular group of people [CE11]. From Southern Iberia at Abrigo do Lagar Velho, the human burial of Upper Paleothic was discovered as an evidence of early modern humans in the European society [CD99]. Burial ritual is the found to be the most transformed ritual of the modern society and is very diversified in its nature depending upon a lot of social, cultural and religious factors but some of the anthropologists find the burial ritual as an only ritual which remained the same in practice in respect of the change in human behavior and the growth of the healthy cultural values [JC10]. Two of the postmodernist approach to burial practice includes cremation and embalming [LA04]. Cremation practice is followed almost all around the world. Problem of overcrowded cemeteries in the modern societies is thought to be resolved by the same process. Although cremation practice is relatively low in the American society and is declared as forbidden in the Orthodox Judaism community. Roman Catholic Church recently approved its practice in the Christian community and Hindus are the one who practice cremation strongly as compare all other school of thoughts. Muslim community is also not of the view of burning human and the scattering the ashes in the rivers due to potential health hazards. Cementation practice has involved no rich cultural heritage unless and until

Reading Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Reading Response - Essay Example only nighttime visit was permitted, but brief that it could not fill the parental bond effective for raising a child plagued by the torments of slavery. One day he sees the whipping of Aunt Hester by master Antony; a scene that eventually prompts him to move to Baltimore (Douglass 18). The move is a turning moment because it frees Douglass from becoming a slave forever. He starts participating in antislavery campaigns that champion the rights of those still held in the South. Three episodes are central to Douglass in his quest to gain freedom and help other fellow slaves escape the bondage. For instance, the first episode involves the acknowledgement of being slave. Douglass’s decision to take a decisive action emanated from his slavery predicament that exposed him to beatings by his masters such as Mr. Covey. Similarly, the humiliation and fatigue of being overworked in the field plantations features prominently in his life and this prompts his to seek ways of escaping the suffering. This is because Douglass wishes to have a life better than slavery that is only possible in the North. Alternatively, slave identity convinces the narrator on the need to address the matter amicably through freeing other slaves first before taking any action. The second episode is the urge to seek education for emancipation and empowerment in fighting for the thriving slave trade in the South. This transformation occurs after Douglass has moved to Baltimore, Maryland under the ownership of his new mistress called Mrs. Sophia Auld. Unfortunately, this noble venture comes with numerous challenges such as the strong disapproval by Mr. Auld. He rightly knows that an educated slave would become sad and worse, wild. This act, however, affirms Douglass’s zeal to learn how to read and write because it is sanctioned by his master. In other words, he learns that education is tied to liberation especially after comprehending the word ‘abolition.’ Going North and beginning the

Industrialised Building System for Malaysia Public Housing

Industrialised Building System for Malaysia Public Housing The Malaysia construction industry plays an important role in generating wealth to the country and development of social and economic infrastructures and building. The industry provides job opportunities for 800,000 people which represented 8% of total workforce (CIMP, 2006). The construction industry is one of the productive sectors that constantly contribute to the economy. According to CIDB (2003), the IBS is a construction technique in which components are manufactured in a controlled environment (on or off site), transported, positioned and assembled into a structure with minimal additional site works. IBS is not new to the construction industry in Malaysia. Only it has now remerged worldwide into the 21st century as a reasonable solution to improve overall construction image and performance. The Malaysia government has spared no effort to bring IBS to the drawing tables of all professionals involved in the built environment. Based on the IBS Roadmap (2003), the IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 has been endorsed by the Cabinet of Ministers to be the blueprint document for the industrialisation of the Malaysia construction sector. This is because under the Seventh Malaysia Plan (1996-2000) the Government of Malaysia for the first time to introduced the Low Medium Cost Housing category (the previously it was classified together with medium cost housing category) due to the always increasing demand for housing in this category. In additional, it is to ensure that the middle low income group with salary ranging from RM1,501.00 to RM2,500.00 per month and able to own a house. However, the pricing of low medium cost housing are around RM42,001.00 to RM60,000.00 per unit only. Using IBS in this types of housing project are more suitable because high volume and stability of demand for buildings is the advantages of using IBS. Besides that, it will also reduce the selling price of low medium cost housing. The IBS is a manufactured the building components at factories (off site manufacture), will enable cost saving; safety and health; productivity and quality improvement through the reduction of labour intensity and construction standardisation. Apart from this method, it also offers minimal site wastage, less site materials, cleaner and neater environment, controlled quality, and lower total construction costs. Using higher percentage of IBS in the construction of public housing and other building projects will provide better productivity, quality, and safety, especially for the total construction time saving and cost saving. IBS will contribute towards a better construction industry, as well as improve the global competitiveness of Malaysian builders. Nowadays, IBS in Malaysia become more popularity in the construction industry especially for the Government project. An early effort by the Government of Malaysia to promote usage of IBS and develop an Open Building system (OBS) concept as an alternative to conventional and labour intensive construction method has yet to make headway. According to Works Minister Datuk Mohd Zin Mohamed, the prefabricated parts will be used in all Government projects in a proposal to reduce the dependence on foreign workers. Besides that, it wills also reducing inherent social problems involving these foreign workers. The use of prefabricated parts was part of the IBS which would be adopted for all Government projects. The Government of Malaysia has ordered all government agencies carrying out development and peoples housing projects to use at least 70% IBS content in those projects. Aim A study into using IBS in the public housing in Malaysia and the popularity apply in the construction. Objectives To study the history of IBS in public housing. To study the classification of various types of IBS and apply to public housing. To identify the benefits and barriers of the IBS in public housing. To identify as a potential method to improve overall construction performance. To identify as a popularity for public housing. Hypothesis Apply IBS into public housing will be one of the better construction methods to construct the building. For the future, the IBS will become more and more popularity for construction industry in Malaysia. For the construction cost, time and quality, IBS will be the better one to control all the construction cost, to speed up the construction times and to provide high quality of components. Background Since early 1960s, IBS has been introduced in Malaysia by the use of precast concrete beam-column element and panelized system (Thanoon, 2003). Nearly, 22.7 acres of land along Jalan Pekeliling was dedicated to the project comprising seven blocks of 17-storey flats (about 3,000 units of low-cost flat and 40 shop lots). These first pilot projects are using the Danish System of large panels in a prefabricated system. The second pilot project is a six block of 17-storey flats and three blocks of 18-storey flats at Jalan Rifle Range and using French Estoit System. Apply the IBS in the construction industry will improve overall construction performance such as standardization, total quality improvement, reduce defect, waste reduction, cost saving and etc. But nothing in this world is perfect, so some barriers of using IBS in the construction industry will be the poor knowledge of install IBS, lack of guidance, lack of professional trained in IBS and etc. Based on IBS Roadmap (2003), IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 was developed and published to steer the direction of IBS implementation and promotion activities and guide the practitioners and policy makers on IBS related issues. Scope and limitation of study This paper shall identify the common types of IBS in the construction industry and apply into public housing in order to determine their impact on construction projects and popularity for the public housing. This study is part of the ongoing research appraising and analyzing how we use the IBS in construction and how many percentage of IBS are using in the construction project. Therefore, this study will include the following areas: Definition of IBS in public housing. The history of the IBS for public housing in Malaysia. Classification of IBS in Malaysia. Various types of IBS in construction industry and which one is more useful for public housing. The advantages and disadvantages of using IBS for public housing. The selling price and the popularity using IBS for public housing to the contractor. Research Methodology Literature Review In the beginning, literature review was conducted to determine an overall idea regarding IBS for public housing. This refers to collecting the latest secondary data and information from different sources which including books, journals, magazines, dissertations, conference papers, and information from the internet. These materials were used for background reading to obtain full understanding and information needed for discussion and analysis in the research. Questionnaires A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. The questions will centre on the KL areas mentioned in the above objectives. A multi-option format will be designed and limited to about 30 questions, in order to obtain a high level of response. Project Plan and Schedule Chapter 1 : Introduction This chapter will include the project title, rationale of the study, scope and limitation of study, research goals and methodology. In addition, aims, objective and hypothesis of the study are included under the research goals. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter will display the definition of IBS, history of IBS for public housing, classification of IBS in Malaysia, and benefits and barriers of using IBS in construction project for public housing and this literature review will base on the dissertation objectives. Chapter 3: Research Methodology This chapter will discuss on the technique for data collection to achieve the dissertations aim and objective. Besides, it also includes the research sample and method of analysis for the feedback obtained from the respondents. Chapter 4: Data Analysis This chapter wills surveys and analysisÂÂ  the data collectionÂÂ  from the contractor, consultant and developer of people about their opinions, behaviour or knowledge. Chapter 5: Conclusion The conclusion will include summary on the dissertation from chapter 1 to chapter 4 together all the research result to present the overall findings and make appropriate recommendations. References CIDB, 2003. IBS Roadmap 2003-2010. Malaysia: CIDB. CIDB, 2003. National IBS Survey, 2003. Malaysia: CIDB. Kamar, K.A.M.,Alshawi,M. And Hamid,Z.,(2009). Barriers to Industrialised Building System (IBS): The Case of Malaysia. [pdf] United Kingdom: IPGRC. Available at: http://www.cream.com.my/publications/whitepapers/Abstract111.pdf. [Accessed 15 May2010] Mohd Rofdzi Abdullah, Kamarul Anuar Mohd Kamar, Mohd Nasrun Mohd Nawi, Ahmad Tarmizi Haron, Mohammed Arif, (2009). Industrialised Building System: A Definition and Concept. [pdf] United Kingdom: ARCOM. Available at: http://www.cream.com.my/publications/whitepapers/Arcom.pdf. [Accessed 05 May 2010] CHAPTER 2:Â  LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter will explain in details and provide the literature review of Industrialised Building System (IBS). Besides that, it will also cover the literature review of building system. Usually, the contents of this chapter are including definitions of IBS, history of IBS in public housing, classification of IBS, types of IBS, characteristic of IBS, benefits and barriers of using IBS in public housing, IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 and IBS scoring system. 2.1 Definitions of IBS Until the present time there has been no single commonly-approved definition of IBS. IBS can be different industry players to define different things. However, there are difference resources to define the several definitions that reflected the concept of IBS and which widely accepted by the construction industry. According to CIDB Malaysia (2001) defines IBS as a construction technique in which components are manufactured in a controlled environment (on or off site), transported, positioned and assembled into a structure with minimal additional site works. As such, components that are being prefabricated in a controlled environment on site are also considered as IBS. While there are numerous descriptions of the IBS concept by local researchers, all of the definitions stressed on prefabrication and mass production. In other definition by Warswaski (1999), the IBS can be defined in which all building are mass produced such as walls, slabs, beams, columns and staircases either in factory or at site factory under strict quality control and minimal wet site activities. Industrialisation process is an investment in equipment, facilities and technology with the purpose of maximising production output, minimizing labour requirement and improving total quality while a building system is defined as a set of interconnected element that joint together to enable the designated performance of a building. Based on Lessing et al (2005) explained IBS as an integrated manufacturing and construction process with well planned organization for efficient management, preparation and control over resources used, activities and results supported by the used of highly developed components. Rahman Omar (2006) defined IBS as a construction system that is built using prefabricated components. The manufacturing of the components is systematically done using machine, formworks and other forms of mechanical equipment. The components are manufactured offsite and once completed will be delivered to construction sites for assembly and erection. Chung Kadir (2007) defined IBS as a mass production of building components either in factory or at site according to the specification with standard shape and dimensions and transport to the construction site to be re-arranged with certain standard to form a building. 2.2 History of IBS in Public Housing IBS in Malaysia has began in early 1960s, according to Thanoon et al (2003) when Ministry of Housing and Local Government of Malaysia visited several European countries, at the same time evaluates their housing development program. In the year 1964 and after their successful visit, the Government had launched pilot project on using IBS to increase the delivery time and to construct better quality and affordable houses. The first pilot project was constructed at Jalan Pekeliling in Kuala Lumpur and about 22.7 acres of land was dedicated to the project comprising four blocks of 4-storey flats and seven blocks of 17-storey flats and comprising total about 3,000 units of low cost flats for the low and median income group and 40 units of shop lots. This housing project was undertaken by Gammon/ Larsen Nielsen and this project are using the Danish System of large panels in a industrialised prefabricated system. According to Thanoon et al (2003), the construction for housing project was complete from 1966 until 1968 (around total 27 months) speed up the time taken in the construction of the around RM 2.5 million casting yard at Jalan Damansara. In 1965, the Government of Malaysia launched a second project, is a three blocks of 18-storey flats and six blocks of 17-storey flats and comprising total about 3,699 units and 66 units of shop lots along at Jalan Rifle Range in Penang. The housing project was honoured by Hochtief/ Chee Seng and this project are using French Estoit System (Din, 1984). This housing project was complete within 27 months. If we are mention to the two pilot projects, a performance comparison between the IBS and the conventional system has been carried in terms of cost, productivity, quality, and time. According to the research, the first pilot project incurred 8.1% higher costs than a similar building such as using conventional construction method, while the second pilot project was lower. In term of total construction speed, both of the housing project required total 27 months to complete the whole project, inclusive of time required to set up the recasting factories. The total quality of building finishes was also found to be better than the using conventional construction method. Another earliest using IBS in public housing project was at Taman Tun Sardon in Penang. These using IBS in public housing project total all about 1,000 units of 5-storey walk up flat and this project are using IBS precast component and system. The IBS precast component and system in the housing project was designed to the low cost housing by British Research Establishment and especially for the low and median income group. According to the research of Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB) 2006, almost at the same time at Edmonton in North London, there are using similar system was constructed and total amount about 20,000 BRECAST dwellings were constructed throughout UK from 1964 until 1974. Based on Rahman and Omar (2006), the total all building design was very basic and quite simple and not considering the feature of serviceability such as the local or user needs to have wet toilet and bathroom. According to the CIDB (2006), many constructions in the following years using precast wall panel system. Low cost high rise residential building is one of the processes to survey that IBS was connect at first place in the construction to overcome the increasing demand for housing needs. For all that, in the earlier stage was never sustained for the industrialisation of construction. Failure of early closed fabricated system made the industry afraid of changing their construction method. The information was based on the CIDB (2005), using IBS in construction were also found not be so suitable with Malaysia climate and social practices especially for the foreign systems that were introduced during the late 60s and 70s. Introduced than in the construction market were constantly being newer and better technologies. Based on CIDB (2005), identified to be suitable to be used in our tropical climate is the wet joint systems and it was also better to using in the bathroom types which were comparatively wetter than those in the Europe. Another about 1200 units of housing using prefabrication technology were is launched by the Penang State Government in 1978. After two years later, the Ministry of Defense to be build around 2800 units of living quarters and adopted large prefabricated panel construction system in Lumut Naval Base (Trikha and Ali, 2004). Enhance the using of precast concrete system in high rise residential building during the 90s; this is because total demand for the new township has seen to increase. According to the research, Perbadaan Kemajuan Negari Selangor (PKNS) as a state Government development agency acquired precast concrete technology from Praton Haus International based on Germany to build low cost housing and high cost bungalows between 1981 and 1993 for the new townships in Selangor (Hassim et al, 2009 and National IBS Survey, 2003). It was recorded then; total around 52,000 housing units was constructed and using Praton Haus system. In Malaysian construction industry, using IBS as a method of construction is evolving. Nowadays, more local manufacturers have established themselves in the market. Many had acquired enough knowledge through technology transfer to build up own capacity in IBS technologies and this research are base on PKNS Engineering, and Setia Precast and Global Globe. The current stage of IBS used in Malaysia housing projects can be classified into four categories. It was reported that at least 21 manufactures and suppliers of IBS are actively promoting their systems in Malaysia. IBS move to the next step of the development through the establishment of IBS Centre at Jalan Chan Sow Lin, Cheras in Kuala Lumpur. Using IBS in the construction will improve the total performance and quality of construction, as well as to minimize the unskilled foreign labour in the construction industry. 2.3 Classification of Building System There are four types of building system currently available in Malaysias building system classification and this are according to Badir Razali (1998). The building system can be namely as a Conventional Column-beam- slab frame system with timber and plywood; Cast in-situ system with steel or aluminium as formwork; the Composite building system and Prefabricated system and this four types of building system is shown as below. Each building system is represented by its respective construction method which is further characterised by its construction technology, functional and geometrical configuration. There from the four systems, are identified as IBS excluding conventional building system. Building System Conventional Column-beam- slab frame system with timber and plywood. Cast in-situ system with steel or aluminium as formwork. Composite building system Prefabricated system Table Form Tunnel Form Panel system Frame system Box system Flow Chart 1: Type of building system in Malaysia. 2.3.1 Conventional Construction Method Conventional construction method is defined as components of the building that are prefabricated on site through the processes of timber or plywood formwork installation, steel reinforcement, and cast in-situ. This construction method is mostly built of reinforced concrete frames for conventional building. Using the wooden formwork mainly is for the traditional construction method and need take some time to construct the formwork before concreting. This construction method is much more costly for construction which is need includes total labour requirement, raw material, transportation and very importance once is low speed of construction. 2.3.2 Cast In-Situ Construction Method This cast in-situ construction method is more suitable for a country where the unskilled labour is limited. There construction method is not a using heavy machinery or high technology involved. The system is technically and applicable to almost all types of building design. The formwork is used as a mould where wet concrete is poured into a temporary system and the temporary system also acts as a temporary support for the structures. The main objective of a cast in-situ construction method is to weed out and reduce the using traditional timber formwork, brickwork, and plastering. A carefully planned in-situ work can maximise the productivity, speed and accuracy of prefabricated construction. Cast in-situ method uses lightweight prefabricated formwork made of steel or fibreglass or aluminium that is easily erected and dismantled. The steel reinforcement is placed within the formwork after finishes construct the formwork. After placing the reinforcement they are being erected and concrete is poured into the mould. When the concrete is set and according to the required strength, the moulds are dismantled. The workers can be easily trained to erect the moulds and set the steel reinforcement. These construction methods are required limited labour and it will reduce the total labour need. Its advantages over the conventional construction method include, low skill workers requirement, speedy construction, low building m aintenance, durable structure and less construction cost. 2.3.3 Composite Construction Method The main objectives of composite construction method or call partially prefabricated are to improve quality of components, reduce construction cost, and shorten total all construction time. It is used to describe a manufacturing or production strategy that selectively uses some industrialising aspects, while avoiding or postponing the use of others. The concept of composite construction method is derived from the composite nature of full industrialisation. The prefabricated construction method is combined in such a manner that the features applied could be prominently demonstrated, especially composing various works such as temporary facilities, building frames, building finishes, and equipments. 2.3.4 Prefabricated Construction Method In this prefabricated construction method, all structural elements can be standardised are prefabricated in the factory. Usually, this construction method would absorb the assembly of precast elements such as floor slabs, in-filled walls, bathrooms, and staircases into place for incorporation into the main units, columns and beams. This construction method will increase the productivity of the industry and it will reduce the amount of site labour involved in building operations. Precast building systems can reduce the time of a project if certain conditions are met. The last three construction methods (from the flow chart 1) are considered as a non conventional construction methods. These three types of construction method are specifically aimed at increasing performance of construction. Through using the better construction machinery, equipment, technology and materials and it will increase the productivity and total quality of work. 2.4 Classification of IBS According to Badir et al. (1998), IBS can be classified according to several aspects:- Classification according to structural system. Classification according to material. Classification according to relative weight of components. 2.4.1 Classification According to Structural System According to Abraham Warszawski (1999), IBS can be classified according structural systematic aspects. The IBS can be classifies into three categories such as:- Frame System. Panel system. Boxes system. Figure 1, 2, and 3 below as shows the concept of the system as classified above. 2.4.1.1 Frame System According to Badir (1998), linear and frame system is system that use main structure such as column and beam where columns and beams support all the building weight. The walls need to be light and easy to install and concrete panels are introduces as flooring element. 2.4.1.2 Panel System According to Badir (1998), in the panel system, loads are distributed through large floor and wall panels where walls support the building weight. This system is applicable to buildings which functionally require a large number of walls such as apartment house, hotel and hospital. This system is not applicable to buildings with large spans or many stories. So, this panel system is more suitable to build the public housing in the certain high storey. 2.4.1.3 Box System According to Badir (1998), the rectangular or three dimensional systems or boxes system include those systems that employ three dimensional modules or boxes for fabrication of habitable units that is capable of withstanding load from various directions due to their internal stability. 2.4.2 Classification According to Material 2.4.2.1 Timber The timber have a two types of prefabrication which is ready-cut plus shop fabrication of joints this mostly for the columns and beams and another is structural panels where there are only for walls and floors without columns and beams. 2.4.2.2 Brick and Block work Laying of brick or block work are carried out in a mass at factory and transported to site or on site construction. Besides the, building are under construction in the form of panel and then erected. 2.4.2.3 Steel Steel construction essentially contains factors of prefabrication which is one of the criteria of IBS. Elements are jointed by welding, riveting or bolting on site. The large proportion of the strength to the weight allows a long-span or high-rise building. 2.4.2.4 Reinforced Concrete There are two basic directions in development of reinforced concrete IBS component which is panelised components such as walls and floors and precast frame members such as columns and beams. The characteristic of reinforced concrete has high degree of availability, low material cost, durability, and fire resistance. Jointing at site is the key issue of this system. 2.4.3 Classification According to Relative Weight of Component The IBS components can be classified according to their relative weight as show in Table 1 below. Relative to weight of components should be used as a basic for building classification due to the factor of weight has significant impact on the transportability of components and has influence on the production method of the components and their erection method on site. No General System System Production Material 1 Frame System Light weight frame Wood, light gage metals Medium light weight frame Metal, reinforced plastics, laminated wood Heavy weight frame Heavy steel, concrete 2 Panel system Light and medium weight panel Wood frame, metal frame and composite material Heavy weight panel (factory produced) Concrete Heavy weight panel (tilt up-produced on site) Concrete 3 Box system (modules) Medium weight box (mobile) Wood frame, light gage metal, composite Medium weight box (sectional) Wood frame, light gage metal, composite Heavy weight box (factory produced) Concrete Heavy box (tunnel produced on site) Concrete Table 1: Building system classification according to relative weight of component. (Majzub, 1977) 2.5 Types of IBS and Apply to Public Housing According to CIDB (2003), the IBS is a construction process that using techniques, products, components, or building system which involve prefabricated components and on-site installation. Base on the structure aspects of the system, IBS can be identified into five major groups such as:- Precast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box Systems Precast concrete elements are the most common type in this area. There are precast concrete for columns, beams, slabs, walls, lightweight precast concrete, and permanent concrete formwork. This all item are consider using precast method. Besides that, it is also consist of 3D components such as balconies, staircases, toilets, lift chamber, refuse chambers and etc. This precast method is more famous for the construction industry, especially for the public housing when construct using the IBS. Using this method can saving the total construction time if compare to the conventional method. Steel Formwork Systems This is the system formwork which designed by manufacturer to replace a conventional timber formwork. It can be described as a mould which the wet concrete can be poured into the mould and form the required shape. These steel formworks systems are subjected to structural quality control and generally involve site casting. So, this type of IBS method is considered as the low level or least prefabrication in the construction industry. However, this steel formwork systems does offer fast construction and construction time saving and at the same time will provide high quality of finishes with less site labour and material requirement. These steel formwork systems will include table forms, tunnel forms, tilt-up systems, beam and columns moulding forms and permanent steel formworks like metal decks and etc. This steel formwork system also one of the famous system used by the contractor during the construction. Steel Framing Systems These steel framing systems have always been the popular choice and used extensively in the fast track construction projects and this system commonly used with precast concrete slabs, steel columns and beams. Current stage of development in this type of IBS includes the increased usage of light steel trusses. It is consisting of cost-effective profiled cold-formed channels and steel portal frame systems as alternatives to the heavier traditional hot-rolled sections. Nowadays, this method is more useful for the housing project, especially for the steel roof trusses (show as below figure 6). This is because the timber roof trusses need the labour to take some time to construct it and lastly need the anti-termite for the timber roof trusses. Prefabricated Timber Framing Systems These prefabricated timber framing systems is using the timber in the construction industry for construct the building. Usually the timber framing system are consists of timber building frames and timber roof trusses (show as below figure 7). While the steel framing systems have been the more popular choice on construction industry, but the timber roof truss system also have its own market where it is offering interesting designs from simple dwelling units to buildings requiring high aesthetical values such as chalets for resorts. This prefabricated timber framing system we can see in the traditional building. Block Work Systems By using this effective alternative system, the tedious and time-consuming traditional brick laying tasks are greatly simplified. The construction method of using conventional bricks has been revolutionize

Exposing the Truth in There Are No Children Here :: There are No Children Here Essays

There Are No Children Here – Exposing the Truth  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Since I find myself most interested and concerned with the problems of children in our country I have decided to focus on one area densely populated by children who suffer from numerous disadvantages. The modern day ghetto is rampant with violent crime, gang activity, and death. From 1985 to 1993 the amount of children who died as a result of violent death got ten percent worse. Rather than believe otherà ­s opinions as to why this is true I have decided to investigate the situation myself. Rather than just blaming the individuals within the affected areas I would like to expose the reason behind the behavior so as to find where the real fault lies and what the solution is.    Los Angeles is a city where fear of crime and criminals is arguably the single most important social and political issue for the majority of citizensà ® (Zimring Hawkins 46). In other words in Los Angeles there is so much crime and violence that it is the primary concern for the citizens of the area, according to numerous sources it is safe to say this of many urban areas of low socio-economic status. South Central Los Angeles as well as many other ghettos have such widespread gang activity. Gang activity has essentially taken over the normal way of life. Innocent people are no longer safe in their neighborhood. With gang members as young as ten years old, many people wonder, what makes children so violent and deviant at such a young age? Where do people like Kody Scott, an LA gang member notorious for his extreme violence and brutality, come from? Is he to blame? Are his parents to blame? Are these type of people born with violent minds, do they watch too much violent television, a re they influenced by violent friends It seems as though the answer to this question could be one of a million different possibilities.    However, after all the research and reading that I have done regarding this issue I feel as though violent children of the ghetto are not à ¬badà ® at all, but a product of their bad neighborhood. The difference between these two explanations is: A. where the blame lies and B. what are the solutions. It is not only frustrating to me to hear someone blame the individuals for their deviant behavior but it accomplishes nothing.

Comparative Essay: Iphone vs. Samsung Phone

Comparative essay: IPhone vs. Samsung phone Technique: Point by Point In the 21st century, the smart phone has already become an indispensable instrument in human life. Human beings rely on smart phones in recording everything in their daily life. There are different smart phone manufactures all around the world such as Samsung, Apple, Nokia, Motorola and so on. Among the smart phone manufacture, the Apple and Samsung smart phone manufacturer are the leader in the smart phone world. Thus, the products from these two manufacturers are famous among the users, such as the Apple iPhone 5 and the Samsung Galaxy Note 2.Therefore, when we decide to buy a smart phone on either Apple iPhone 5 or the Samsung Galaxy Note 2, we should consider several aspects of the smart phone such as the design of the phone, the camera aspect, the life of battery can stand, call quality and the interface and function of the smart phone. First, we touch about the fabulous design of both the phones. The latest d ebuted iPhone 5 has created an entirely new design that thinner and lighter than the iPhones before. It is just 7. 6 millimeters amazing thin and weighs 112g that made out of glass and aluminum.Moreover, its 4 inches screen is palm-friendly and easily to operate with just one hand. It is not only comfortable you can say about the phone when a crystalline diamond is used to cut the chambers which give the beveled edge wonderful sheen, it makes you gorgeous even when you hold it. On the other hand, Samsung Galaxy Note 2 is much bigger than iPhone5 that is 5. 5 inches screen, 9. 4mm thin and 180g weight. It offers perfect and fantastic viewing experience just like cinema like-viewing. As for one-handed operation, it is not impossible.It provides ways to scooch the on-screen keyboard or the dialer which iPhone5 cannot be beat. Besides, it has a non-unibody chassis that allow us to easily swap SIM cards, batteries or expand storage via a microSD slot. Since the design of the phones is in comparable which means they have their own unique design, we would like to compare other features on both of the phones. By comparing the camera of iPhone 5 and Samsung Galaxy Note II, the iPhone 5 mostly takes care of everything on its own. The iPhone 5 has a fast HDR mode and a new option for panoramic photos, which up to 28 megapixels.The picture quality of iPhone 5 has high levels of details and good colour representation, without excessive noise. The iPhone 5 can manage scenes with high dynamic range better, and it also sports more constrast in its pictures, making them more visually appealing. The 1080 videos of iPhone 5 and the Note II exhibit the same great amount of detail and crisp focus as the still scenes, with 30fps inside and outdoors. The iPhone 5 footage comes with higher contrast, and looks less washed out under bright sunlight.For the Note II, it offers most major options like face/smile recognition, Panorama, HDR, low light mode and many others. It also has an abu ndance of scene and focus modes, as well as number of colour effects. The picture and video gallery on Note II split the screen with folders on the left for faster navigation and has richer editing capabilities built into it. The music players on both devices also offer tune categorizations and minimalistic interface. Note II offers more functions via sound modes and equalizer. Note II also has an FM radio.Both handsets also have excellent quality of loudspeakers, but the iPhone 5 unit sounds a tad fuller and clearer. The interface and functionality of these two phones run different operating system, which the Apple iPhone always run on iOS system, and now the iOS is updated to the version iOS 6 while Galaxy Note II runs the latest version of android system that is Android 4. 1 Jelly Bean. Android also offers plenty of customisation on the home screen and users can utilize widgets, custom launchers, custom keyboards and more.Android also doesn’t have to rely on iTunes for con tent synchronising and transfer and the iPhone 5 has the traditional grid of icons and everything else is pretty much neatly tucked away under settings. In terms of customisation, picking a wallpaper and ringtones can be used. Moreover, the processors and memory inside these two phones are different too. Apple using manually designed with 1. 3 GHz dual-core A6 processor with its own core architecture, while the Galaxy Note II is equipped with a quad-core at 1. 6GHz.The Note II can do multitasks efficient than iPhone 5. Besides that, the performance of the two phones also is depended on the user how to function it. Furthermore, the iPhone 5 has 1 GB of RAM, while the Galaxy Note II has 2 GB of the thing, and both have the basic versions starting with 16 GB of internal memory, going up to 32 GB or 64 GB variants. The Note II, however, sports a microSD slot for cheaper storage expansion. In overall, the interface and functionality of Samsung Galaxy Note II is better than Apple iPhone 5 . In contrast on the attery task, the Note II has the largest screen ever placed in a phone, and also the battery match with a 3,100 mAh unit tucked in neatly into its large body. It is rated for 35 hours talk time in 2G mode and 16 hours of talk time in 3G mode, and furthermore more than a month of standby (up to 890hours). However, the iPhone 5 has a 1,440 mAh battery, and is rated for 8 hours of talk time in 2G and 3G mode. Both handsets will deliver more than 10 hours of browsing or video watching on a charge, which are excellent results.On the other hand, the similarity of these two smart phones is discovered by smart users. There is an aspect that quite alike, which, aspect on calls quality. In the aspect call quality, both iPhone 5 and Note II carrying remarkable call quality, with loud and clear voices in the earpiece, even clean sound relay to the other end. The noise-cancelling do a very good job of weeding out the background noisy, with the iPhone 5 sporting a tad better sound capture probably thanks to the tri-mic setup it has going on. In a nut shell, the two phones functioning well in call quality.In conclusion, both Apple and Samsung products, Apple iPhone 5 and the Samsung Galaxy Note 2 have their own advantages and disadvantages. Thus, it falls upon the user to compare the similarities and differences between Apple iPhone 5 and the Samsung Galaxy Note 2 such as the design of the phone, the camera aspect, the life of battery can stand, call quality and the interface and function of the smart phone before buying the smart phone. Moreover, it’s also depending on the need of the user on the aspect. A- Group members: See Li Min Tan Sheue Ley Tan Siok Ying Chan Yi Qi Pei Leng